English writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English writing - Essay Example They later form the leadership tables in the kingdoms and dynasties, regarded as heroes, master’s, kings and so forth , but do these titles come with social, economic, cultural or political obligation to the beholder? In other words, what is the role of social relationships and other human interactions and how do the titleholders or the leaders approach the sometimes-conflicting obligations that come with the titles? William Deresiewicz’s ideas on leadership and the sacrifices that one has to make in order to change the position he is in and/or change the society’s perception over a phenomenon can is an analytical tool to evaluate the heroic traditions in these films. In addition, by evaluating the role of social relationships and their sometimes conflicting obligations will help us understand the real cost of heroism and the consequences involved in case the hero/the leader misses a point in his words or actions (Finch, 2). For instance, in Seven Samurai, the conflict of the chief and the village elder on their social/security obligation to defend the farming village creates a row between the residents of the village on the best strategy to apply. Deresiewicz’s view on the kind of leadership that the society requires is based on solitude and independent thought, which may not favor every party in a particular setting. For instance, the chief decides to spare marauding bandi ts until the harvest because he had attacked the mountain before while on the other hand the village elder declares they must find a samurai to protect the village (Seven Samurai Video). Each of the decision had the better part of it and repercussion but which one was more prudent, timely and comprehensive from a leader to his fellow followers? The role of social relationships and the sometimes conflicting obligations will take preference in this case in that for the village elder’s decision to find hungry samurai since they have nothing to offer but food, which is about to be

Team Weekly Reflection Essay Example for Free

Team Weekly Reflection Essay Compare and contrast common law contracts and the UCC Article 2 with your team. Your discussion should include the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to application in your field. Write a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Law Business Law Discuss the, â€Å"Legal Issues in Cyberspace† excerpt in Section 24-5 of Ch. 24, and Section 24-6, â€Å"Copyright Infringement,† of the text. Discuss the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how these issues relate to application in your field. Write a 350- to 700-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Try to do everything in moderation when you enter college for the first time. This means that you should not party too hard or work too hard during your experience. Have a lot of fun, but make sure that you understand you are going to college to learn and expand your possibilities for employment. This document of LAW 421 Week 5 Team Weekly Reflection comprises: Business Law and Order Compare and contrast common law contracts and the UCC Article 2 with your team. Your discussion should include the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to application in your field. Write a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Law Business Law Discuss the, â€Å"Legal Issues in Cyberspace† excerpt in Section 24-5 of Ch. 24, and Section 24-6, â€Å"Copyright Infringement,† of the text. Discuss the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how these issues relate to application in your field. Write a 350- to 700-word paper detailing the For downloading more tutorials visit https://bitly.com/1oJLCMf Try to do everything in moderation when you enter college for the first time. This means that you should not party too hard or work too hard during your experience. Have a lot of fun, but make sure that you understand you are going to college to learn and expand your possibilities for employment. Law Business Law Discuss the, â€Å"Legal Issues in Cyberspace† excerpt in Section 24-5 of Ch. 24, and Section 24-6, â€Å"Copyright Infringement,† of the text. Discuss the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how these issues relate to application in your field.

Study On Reflection And Use Of Radiography Nursing Essay

Study On Reflection And Use Of Radiography Nursing Essay Reflection is an important and powerful strategy for the use of development in professional skills; as it enables the link between the practice and theoretical aspect of learning to help moving from a beginner to a skilled practitioner. Reflection should enhance self-awareness, identifying personal strengths and weakness as well as help in the improvement. In the world of definitions and explanations, there are different professors, author, and editors e.t.c and their different knowledge of understanding. Dewey defined reflective thought as active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends (Dewey 1933: 118). He set out five phases or aspects. 1. Suggestions, in which the mind leaps forward to a possible solution. 2. An intellectualization of the difficulty or perplexity that has been felt (directly experienced) into a problem to be solved. 3. The use of one suggestion after another as a leading idea, or hypothesis, to initiate and guide observation and other operations in collection of factual material. 4. The mental elaboration of the idea, or supposition as an idea or supposition (reasoning, in the sense in which reasoning is a part, not the whole, of inference). 5. Testing the hypothesis by overt, or imaginative action In every case of reflective activity, a person finds himself confronted with a given, present situation from which he has to arrive at, or conclude to, something that is not present. This process of arriving at an idea of what is absent on the basis of what is at hand is inference. What is present carries or bears the mind over to the idea and ultimately the acceptance of something else. (Dewey 1933 Donald Schà ¶n (1983) suggested that the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning was one of the defining characteristics of professional practice. He argued that the model of professional training which he termed Technical Rationality-of charging students up with knowledge  in training schools so that they could discharge when they entered the world of practice, perhaps more aptly termed a battery model-has never been a particularly good description of how professionals think in action, and is quite inappropriate to practice in a fast-changing world. Goodman (1984, cited by jasper 2003 p9) suggests that there are three levels of reflection which you are likely to move through during your education. However it is not helpful to think that you are at level 1 in year 1, level 2 in year 2 e.t.c. which level you achieve will depend on your skill and ability and should not be restricted to the level which has the same number as your year of study. Doing a general investigation on a word, a methodology, hypothesis, summary and conclusion on a laboratory practical would have being easier as I would have being confident enough to do a write up on what I did, should have done, and reasons why a certain error happened and how it could have being avoided. This is something that could be done as it has been done previously with my course at college. Writing a reflection on a work experience is different but similar to writing or doing an investigation on a laboratory practical, so the techniques of writing a laboratory practical can be used to write a reflection as well as the guidance notes posted on the blackboard. The medical field had ran in my family right from my oldest sister to my older sister as Nurses and now to me as a Radiography (student)I didnt choose to be a radiographer in order not to break the medical chain or because my sisters being nurses, but ever since I visited my oldest sister while she was on a work placement I saw other radiographers, how they operated the radiography machine in taking various x-rays; was breathe taken and wondered how the radiography machine makes use of its infrared without harming the human skin to get the image of the endo-skeleton. Since then I have being interested in the machines and in other get closer to it and find out how it works was to become its operator (radiographer). Queen Mary Hospital, Sidcup was a marvellous place to work/experience what it is like to be a radiographer, as well as being much more hygienic and patience than I was; as there were lots of precautions done before and after taking an x-ray such as the use of disinfectants before and after dealing with a patient and the accurate use of the radiography machine which requires lots of concentration and patience because a slight mistake could cause a life or make the situation of the patient worse. It was really nice meeting other radiography students but known and unknown, we were taken on a tour around the hospital by other senior radiography students then we were introduced to our various supervisors, my supervisor was a lovely lady who seem to be very experienced, she knew what she was doing and also what she was talking about, patient and confident. The first week of the experience was very nerve racking and it was knackering, we were technically a full time working class radiographers (9am 5pm) every day. I got used to the fatigue on the second week but was still nervous that I was going to make a mistake at some point while with a patient either theory wise or practical wise. With the help of the supervisor and the senior colleague I gained a little bit of confidence, was corrected before making and after making a mistake and was checked upon on a regular basis in order to be up to standard and produce distinctive results. Before allowed use of the radiography machine we had to get use to the environments such as being like receptionists, calling out the patients names, checking their information and details making sure that its the right person; this was practically interesting because I got to meet different people with different characters. Then I was given the opportunity to work in the CT (computerised tomography) scan briefly, was thought the basics of the machine, what it scans the body for, how it detects the diseases and how it is maintained. This was time consuming and required a lot of patience. It was quite boring at this point. But came to realise that I was no longer interested in radiography because of the machines, but interested in it because I like to be of help in anyways I can to the people and community. In the medical world mainly the National Health Services, UK there are various sections in each hospital, some hospitals specialised in something specific and some are specialised in everything, but a thorough medical check-up is not complete without some sort of scan which is where the radiographers and radiography comes in. Radiography is the use of X-rays to view a non-uniformly composed material such as the human body. By utilizing the physical properties of the ray an image can be developed displaying clearly, areas of different density and composition. A heterogeneous beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray generator and is projected toward an object. According to the density and composition of the different areas of the object a proportion of X-rays are absorbed by the object. The X-rays that pass through are then captured behind the object by a detector (film sensitive to X-rays or a digital detector) which gives a 2D representation of all the structures superimposed on each other. In tomography, the X-ray source and detector move to blur out structures not in the focal plane. Computed tomography (CT scanning) is different to plain film tomography in that computer assisted reconstruction is used to generate a 3D representation of the scanned object/patient. Radiography was not only used on living being (medical reasons) also industrial purposes such as fitting shoes. X-ray photons used for medical purposes are formed by an event involving an electron, while gamma ray photons are formed from an interaction with the nucleus of an atom. In general, medical radiography is done using X-rays formed in an X-ray tube. Nuclear medicine typically involves gamma rays. The types of electromagnetic radiation of most interest to radiography are X-ray and gamma radiation. This radiation is much more energetic than the more familiar types such as radio waves and visible light. It is this relatively high energy which makes gamma rays useful in radiography but potentially hazardous to living organisms. Gamma rays are indirectly ionizing radiation. A gamma ray passes through matter until it undergoes an interaction with an atomic particle, usually an electron. During this interaction, energy is transferred from the gamma ray to the electron, which is a directly ionizing particle. As a result of this energy transfer, the electron is liberated from the atom and proceeds to ionize matter by colliding with other electrons along its path. Other times, the passing gamma ray interferes with the orbit of the electron, and slows it, releasing energy but not becoming dislodged. The energy released is usually heat or another, weaker proton, and causes serious biological harm to the body such as skin cancer and other form of endo cancer. Radiography is a very important technique in the medical world but also dangerous if not used correctly on a patient. Before using one of the machines we had to disinfect ourselves, tie up loose hair, cover the ones that couldnt be tied up and wear protective clothes such as coveralls eye goggles and gloves. I was introduced to all the patients by my supervisor as a radiography student; some of them I took their x-ray with supervision and some I watched as theirs were taken and some were done with both my supervisor and I. the ones I did by myself with supervision I had to ask for their consent before doing anything on them some of them werent sure and some had no problem, for those who werent sure were the ones that was done with the supervisor and I; and for those who had no problem, I asked for their consent personally and was still feeling that in case the patient decide to take action against me I may be in danger of laws such as the right to self-determination in which adults h ave the right to determine what is done to their bodies and touching a person without consent is basically unlawful and can amount to trespass to them or, more rarely, a criminal assault Griffith, R., Tegnah, C. (2008) this made me really nervous and coming up with different thoughts of thing going wrong and might do something slightly wrong and end up becoming really disastrous. The analysis of the reflective process, the need to attend to feelings and attitudes (making use of positive feeling and then dealing with negative feeling) was apparent throughout and required self-awareness. The relieving aspect of the experience was the fact that all the patients I dealt with, with or without supervision fully co-operated without any difficulty and technicality, as they didnt have much choice to decline task I was going to do for them but to consent to the treatment because it was in their best interest; but they still had to be respected as patients and clients autonomy and their rights to decide whether or not to undergo any health care with use of medical equipments/machine intervention-even where a refusal may result in harm or death to themselves, unless a court of law orders to the contrary. The other option I had was not to personally asked patients that were dealt with by me for their consents and carry on with my task at the risk actions taken against me. Imposition of treatment upon a competent patient against their wishes may constitute inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Such option might have been counterproductive and detrimental to my career in the invent that any of the patients decide to take legal action against me (Tingle .J. and Cribb .A. 2007). I was classified as a very good and hardworking student, who was always willing to work at all times but needed to adjust on certain aspects such as hygiene skills and patience i.e. doing things properly without rushing them through, which I did improve on eventually; didnt get a few task done in the theoretical aspect but when it came to the practical aspect I was always willing to learn something new. Even in the practical I was still a bit shaking; but if I was to come back for another work placement and was told to do some if not most of the things I had done in my previous placement I believe there would be more care as I have gained more experience and knowledge of how to go about it. Reflection helps the practitioner to gain insight into self, be empowered to respond more effectively in similar situation in the future and realise your vision as a lived reality. In addition to that, reflection leads to learning certain skills and knowledge and development of attitudes and attri butes effective to make positive difference to the client To conclude, it has now become clear that reflection is a way to learn through experience and this helps the practitioner to gain insight or change his perception of himself or his practice. It is a good tool to describe, analyse and evaluate practice experience for future learning. Its major role in professional programme is learning but is also good for professional development and identifying learning needs. This essay has also made me to be aware of the factors that inhibit observation such as attention or its deficit, know-how, working condition and the need to know. It has made me to be aware of the fact that professional issues are normally composed of various important and co-relating issues. Issues There were lots issues faced while working at the hospital, mainly with the patients; most of the issues were to do with the reaction of people when it comes to the pronouncing of the names/surnames, some were just naturally mischievous and the rest were to do with unnecessary questions being asked and their slow rate of understand when explaining something to them. These issues were dealt with by just adapting to the environment as well as the different type of people that came; this has helped massively outside of the hospital. Another issue was between me and my supervisor we did have a few misunderstanding when it came to getting work done properly and in time, been told off several times, embarrassed in front of other colleagues e.t.c but the only way out was to do what the supervisor wanted which was getting work done and up to standard as well as punctuality. Issue between other colleagues and I; I made new friends tried to be social with everybody in class, never had any grudge against anybody but some did. Which I ignored and tried as much as possible to stay away from them because didnt want anything hindering or standing between me and my degree in order to ruin my career. Whenever we needed to work in pair on a task I made sure I worked with the one that I social with the most and not the ones that had the grudge; the last thing needed while working in a hospital was conflict and being hypocritical. The major issue of all was doing course work while doing the work experience; during the 2 months work experience we were at some point required to get some course work / power point presentations created more pressure on us. We worked from 9am 5pm, knackered for the rest of the night so had to rest but not in this situation on some nights had to get some the coursework / presentation done. It was all down to time-management more work and less socialising, Monday to Friday 9am-5pm, work an hour off each night was for investigations and the type up of the coursework, weekends most of the works were done including the rehearsal of the presentation as well as revision for upcoming examinations Dewey (1933) Donald Schà ¶n (1983) Goodman (1984, cited by jasper 2003) Griffith, R., Tegnah, C. (2008) Tingle .J. and Cribb .A. ( 2007). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/reflecti.htm http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-reflect.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography

A Reflection On Herman Melvilles Accomplishments :: essays research papers fc

A Reflection On Herman Melville's Accomplishments "As an author Melville both courted failure and scorned success."(pg. 613, A Companion to Melville Studies). How many famous legends in time have existed to know no fame. How many remarkable artist have lived and died never receiving due credit for there work. Herman Melville is clearly an artist of words. Herman Melville is certainly a prodigy when it comes to writing. Herman Melville never received hardly any credit for any of his works. Melville wrote such novels as Moby-Dick, and Billy Budd. Melville wrote about things that he knew about. He wrote about his own experiences. The one thing that he loved, and knew the most about was whaling. Herman Melville was born in 1819, the son of Allan and Maria Melville. He was one of a Family of eight children - four boys and four girls - who was raised comfortably in a nice neighborhood in New York City. Herman Melville came from a famous blood line out of Albany, NY. Melville's grandfather, General Peter Gansevoort, was a hero. Even though the General died six years before Melville was born, Melville still put him in his book, Pierre. On the outer side of the blood line there was Major Melville. The Major was a wealthy Boston merchant who was one of the famous "Mohawks" who boarded the ship of the East India Company that night of 1773, and dumped the cargo in to the Boston Harbor. Later Major Melville became the Naval Officer of The Port of Boston, a post given to him by Gorge Washington. It is like the two blood lines fitted together perfectly to create Herman Melville. Herman had the strength of the General, and the crazy hart of the Major. Herman Melville was "hardly more than a boy" when he ran out to sea after his fathers death. A young Melville sighed up as a boy on the St. Lawrence to Liverpool and back to New York. Many of the events that show up in Melville's Redburn are actuarial events that happened of his first voyage. After returning home and finding his mothers family fortune gone, Melville decided to take a journey over land this time to the Mississippi river to visit his Uncle Thomas. Through out all of Melville's work the image of inland landscapes, of farms, prairies, rivers, lakes, and forest recur as a counterpoint to the barren sea. Also in Moby-Dick Melville tells how he was a "Vagabond" on the Erie Canal, which was the way Melville returned. Melville wrote that it was not the lakes or forest that sank in as much

Critique of the Ramayana Modern Prose Translation Essay

In a just world, Mr. R. K. Narayan’s estate would be responsible for reimbursing seventeen-fifty, plus applicable taxes, to all those who purchased the Penguin Classics 2006 publication of his book, The Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic. Stated clearly on the back of the cover is the promise that R. K. Narayan â€Å"recounts [The Ramayana] with the narrative flair of a master novelist’’. The back cover lied. Narayan’s re-telling condenses the epic poem so much to the point of nearly listing a series of events. No matter the inspiration, Narayan’s The Ramayana is still a story, and should therefore be able to stand on it’s own as a captivating tale—with further literary research or expansion being used to enhance it’s appeal, not explain it. Arguably, the ‘narrative flair’ of this re-telling is little more expressive than unsolicited summaries found on the Internet, and without further literary aide or instruction, does not stand as a solid piece of literature. What is worse, is that instead of allowing a greater breadth of readers to relate and experience tale of the Ramayana, new readers are alienated by it’s convoluted atmosphere. While the task is grand, Narayan’s translation is not listed as an aide to a larger, more in-depth version; it is still a novel and as such needs to be able to stand strong in its own right when evaluated alone. People who have no prior knowledge of the original Sanskrit story, and who have not been raised with the Hindu epic as a part of their life, should be able to pick up this book, read it, and—regardless of how far the tale may go in global history—be able to enjoy one hundred and fifty one pages of literature, without having any prior knowledge, or requiring further research. Having more knowledge, and doing more research on the original epic tale should increase what readers are able to receive from the book, but it should not be necessary in order to understand it. As it stands, without knowing the original tale, new readers are left with very little literary flow and a patchy depiction of what is supposed to be a lush world. At one point, while Bharatha and Rama argue as to who should be the rightful king, their entire episode is related with: â€Å" The argument went on at a highly academic and philosophical level, the entire assembly watching with respect. (Narayan 60) That assertion does not express a deep academic and philosophical argument, but rather states that one was occurring; the reader doesn’t get to experience what transpired between the brothers, or garner any emotion from it. It goes on to almost quite literally depict the event with a he-said/he-said monotony: So be it; if I have the authority—then I confer it on you as the ruler,† said Bharatha at one stage. â€Å"On my command as the ruler, if you desire to think so, you shall be the King. † It went on thus. Rama went on repeating that there could be no word higher than that of a father; no conduct other than obedience to it. Throughout he referred to Kaikeyi in the gentlest terms and always as â€Å"mother†. (Narayan 61) The listed manner in which the plot is unfolded by Narayan’s re-telling is barely more narrative as a piece of literature than an excerpt from that of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia: Bharatha refuses to profit from his mother’s wicked scheming and visits Rama in the forest. He requests Rama to return and rule. But Rama, determined to carry out his father’s orders to the letter, refuses to return before the period of exile. However, Bharatha carries Rama’s sandals, and keeps them on the throne, while he rules as Rama’s regent. (Wikipedia Contributors) There is very little more efficiency or flair in Narayan’s telling, and in fact, Wikipedia depicts the stages of the long tale with better clarity; if the prose is not going to be linguistically lush and evocative, it may as well be clear (Wikipedia is not only clear, but free of charge as well). It is of course not a simple task to undertake translating an epic poem from a rhythmic language, into prose with a language devoid of the same musicality. However, to the novice reader of The Ramayana, they would not know the difficulty of the task, and thus—however harsh it may seem— should not be a factor in the reviewing of the story as it stands alone. Narayan was by no means an incapable writer, and as winner of numerous awards and accolades—not the least of which being multiple nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature (Rajnish Wattas), he does not need defending that he has great ability as a writer, yet the bottom line remain that when it is stripped of further discussion, research, and introductions, The Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic just does not stand on it’s own as captivating modern prose. With nearly each new episode of the tale, Narayan prefaces the action with even more listed information, take for example the introduction to the chapter of Vali: The characters in the drama that follows are Vali, Sugreeva, Hanuman, and Rama. The action takes place in the mountainous forest regions of Kiskinda, a kingdom ruled and inhabited by monkeys. In the Ramayana, the articipants are not only human beings, but many others from God’s creation, intelligent, cultured and with their own achievements of spirit as well as physique: Jambavan was a bear, Jatayu was an eagle, Lakshmana—Rama’s brother—was himself a human incarnation of the Great Serpent Adisesha in whose coils Vishnu rested. (Narayan 90) Again, the story is told by listing statements of what is going on. As with the landscape, and even the characters themselves, nothing is depicted in the story-writing of the prose, but stated, as if the entire epic was a news article being reported by Narayan, as opposed to a vivid history with grand escapades and extreme characters. By translating an epic tale from poetic verse into shortened modern prose, the objective is ultimately to enable a broader audience to relate to and appreciate a classic tale. Poetry is a secluded literary world that does not have the mass appeal that modern prose does; yet Narayan’s re-telling is too constrained and overwhelmed by the amount of story condensed into it. By trying to constrain the length of the story to allow for more readers to get through it, Narayan’s ‘master narrative flair’ seems lost, and the epic tale is a heavy list of events that merely occur on the page.

Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD

Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD Introduction The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has increased over the recent years. It is one of the most common diseases in children and young adults.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The diagnosis of ADHD has drawn a lot of attention from scientific and academic circles as some scholars argue that there are high levels of over diagnosis of the disorder. Gifted children and ADHD children display similar characteristics. It is also quite difficult to diagnose the disorder in adults. The difficulty in diagnosis is also compounded by the fact that some children have ADHD with other disorders. There are also concerns on the high prescription of stimulant drugs given to children who are very young. This is an area where a lot of research has been conducted to find out the causes, prevalence and effective treatment methods. Th ere is however need for further research to address the controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD since it affects children. The long term effects of stimulant medication could have serious repercussions in adult life. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a condition that is common in children and young adults. The symptoms of ADHD include patterns of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity. The ADHD prevalence is high between 5 and 15% in children who go to school. The DSM-IV diagnostic tool is used to evaluate whether an individual has ADHD. A person must display at least six of the nine inattentive and hyperactivity behaviours for a period of more than six months. The behaviour must be more severe or common comparable to people of the same stage in development. Behaviours that display inattention include difficulty in organizing tasks, forgetfulness, losing school items, failing to finish given tasks and avoiding men tal tasks. The individual may also be easily distracted or has difficulty in sustaining attention. The behaviours that display impulsiveness and hyperactivity include restlessness, impatience in waiting for their turn to speak and fidgeting. The behaviours should be noticed in the child before he is seven years old. It should also be demonstrated that the behaviours are interfering with the social, occupational and academic functioning of the child. It is important that the disorder be diagnosed correctly. Lack of diagnosis presents various problems to the child. In adult life the individual will also have challenges. In academics, the child experiences learning disabilities in reading, spelling and performing math calculations.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been noted that children with ADHD are more likely to repeat a class, drop out or be suspended or e xpelled in school. Research studies have also indicated that these children have a high likelihood of being in automobile accidents or getting hurt physically while playing. Analyses of diagnosis both in the USA and UK have shown that the disorder is more prevalent in boys than girls. Once the individual is an adult and the disease has not been treated, the person will have high levels of difficulty in employment, relationship challenges due to display of anti-social behaviour, driving offences and increased incidences of crime or substance abuse (Kuo and Faber, 1580). It is not a newly diagnosed disease as it has been treated for the last 100 years. Under diagnosis of the disorder may be caused by various factors. There may be lack of awareness by the parents and teachers on what could possibly be the problem with the â€Å"difficult† child. There is also social stigma associated with mental conditions. The parent may fear taking the child for diagnosis as he does not want t o be labelled â€Å"a bad parent.† Finally, the parent may not want to expose the child to consistent medication at such a young age. Causes of ADHD There are several factors linked to the development of ADHD in children. The main cause of the disease however is unknown. First of all, the disorder may be genetic. Research studies conducted on twins, families and adopted children have shown that the disorder is highly inheritable. There are specific gene variants that have been identified that are involved in dopamine neurotransmission. There has also been evidence of brain dysfunction in individuals with ADHD. The researchers have used several cerebral imaging studies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and single photon computed emission tomography. Many of the results have indicated that the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are affected (Kuo and Faber, 582). Recent research studies have also indicated that children with ADHD have smaller cerebrum, grey and whit e matter volumes compared to non-ADHD children. The fact that pharmacological treatments especially stimulants have proved to be the most effective or superior treatments for ADHD also points to biological causes of ADHD. The stimulants increase the levels of extracellular dopamine. ADHD may also be caused by neuropsychological functioning. Various studies have shown that children with ADHD have specific and global deficits in comparison with non-ADHD children.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been arguments that there may be psychosocial and environmental factors that increase the prevalence of the disorder. This is due to the fact that the condition has been identified more in the Western than non-Western countries. This has been contested by the fact that there is no evidence to suggest that the disease has become more prevalent. It is only that there have been higher cases of diagnosis and not prevalence. Controversies in ADHD Diagnosis The diagnosis of the disease is complicated by the presence of other co-morbid psychological disorders in addition to ADHD in an individual. These disorders have similar symptoms with ADHD such as social awkwardness, risk-taking characteristics and impulsive behaviours. These disorders include diseases such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. There is also lack of formal diagnostic criteria for older children and adults. Diagnosis therefore presents a huge challenge to the primary care and family practice physicians (Kube, Petersen, and Palmer, 462). There have also been concerns that there are high levels of over diagnosis of ADHD. There are several factors that could lead to over diagnosis of ADHD. First of all the physicians want to prevent the negative consequences associated with ADHD in the event of misdiagnosis. The drugs for treating the disorder a re also readily available in the market and thirdly there has been a lot of media coverage on ADHD and the pharmacotherapy treatment methods for the disorder. It has been argued that the stimulant drug companies have been using the teachers and physicians as their salespeople to aggressively sell the drug with their diagnosis. The companies are interested in making a profit. It has been estimated that the money brought in by the sale of stimulants is $670 Million annually. The tactics used by the ADHD drug company are also very alluring. They love mentioning the fact that famous people such as Einstein, Picasso and Michelangelo also had the disorder so as not to alarm the parents. There are also negligent parents who may not want to work hard and develop strategies to handle their children in these active ages. They want a way out even if it will involve the administration of drugs. These parents should be able to use alternative approaches to handle their children such as behaviour al therapy approaches, counselling for the family and parental advice.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has also been argued that the current educational system is facilitated by children sitting for long periods of time just listening to the teachers. The passivity and conformity levels expected of a child causes him to be restless and inattentive after some time. Interestingly some of the symptoms associated with ADHD are behaviours that are basically prevalent in children at a certain age. They are forgetful and fidget a lot. Their attention spans are for a limited period of time. It is argued that a disease has been invented as an excuse for children failing to do their homework and chores at home. There could also be a challenge with the assessment procedures. When the physician is diagnosing a child, he is supposed to use multi-method approaches in order to ensure that the diagnosis is correct. There should be interviews with the child, teacher and parent. There should also be a review of the child’s school records and physical observation of the child for a suitable p eriod of time. Research studies have indicated that only 15% of the physicians use all the recommended approaches. Many of them only rely on the clinical interviews while others do not use the standard instruments in assessment (Sciutto and Eisenberg, 108). There is therefore a danger in misdiagnosing a gifted child as one having ADHD. Gifted children have similar characteristics with ADHD symptoms. They are usually intense when it comes to things such as relationships, sibling rivalry, responding to authority and mental tasks. They are also very hyper and restless. They tend to question the status quo a lot as they see numerous possibilities or alternatives. They are also very sensitive and easily moved to tears. It is a catastrophe when gifted and normal children are diagnosed with ADHD and put on medication. The qualities of gifted children are appreciated in business settings especially on technical tasks. It is sad that when such qualities are displayed in children it becomes a n issue that needs to be addressed. The gifted children could be restless as they wait for the other children to catch up. They should not be penalized. Treatment of ADHD The disorder is mostly treated by the administration of stimulants such as Ritalin (methylphenidate) in recommended doses. It addresses the condition by activating the central nervous system which includes the brain. It has been noted to reduce hyperactivity and impulsiveness. It also helps the children sustain attention in their school while being taught and doing their assignments. Due to the side effects associated with stimulants, researchers have advocated for other treatment methods that are natural in nature. A research study was conducted on children with ADHD across different ages, gender and income groups. There were two treatment strategies. Some of the children were engaged in green outdoor activities while the others were subjected to indoor and built outdoor activities. The results indicated that the green outdoor settings for after-school and weekend activities reduced the ADHD symptoms after considerable time regardless of the age, gender and socio-economic class of the children (Kuo and Faber, 582). The researchers argue that the symptoms of attention fatigue and ADHD are similar. Interestingly, ADHD is regarded as a disorder while attention fatigue is a temporary condition where once the person rests he will be fine. They therefore advocate for after-school and weekend activities in a naturalized settings where the children can get rejuvenated. Controversies in treatment of ADHD There have been controversies in the treatment of ADHD as several scholars are concerned with the high levels of stimulants being consumed by children. There is a perception that ADHD is being over diagnosed leading to high levels of stimulant consumption. Research conducted on Ritalin prescriptions in the 1990s showed that the prescriptions for the children aged between two and four years had triple d during this period (Zuvekas, Vitiello and Norquist, 580). The use of the stimulant had increased by over 6% in America during the same period. It is an area of concern since 6% of the people diagnosed with ADHD are very young children. There have been arguments that the stimulants do not have significant side effects in the children which have been refuted. There are research studies that have showed stimulants have side effects such as insomnia and anorexia. The stimulants are also being abused by teenagers. There are children and teenagers who are taking the drugs to enhance their cognitive performance yet they do not have ADHD (Mayes, Bagwell and Erkulwater, 155). This is dangerous as the possible long term effects of the stimulant abuse have not been fully investigated. Researchers are concerned with long term side effects such as cardiovascular effects, reduced growth rates and carcinogenic effects. There have also been arguments against the effectiveness of the stimulant dru gs in children by teachers. There are teachers who feel that the drug makes the children have a zombie look in their eyes. It has also been noted that at times the drug causes the children to become withdrawn and isolated. They are over-interested in tasks that are boring and non-inspiring. It is argued that the drug suppresses the part of the child’s brain that assists with creativity, energy and freedom. Different scholars have suggested consideration of different treatment methods that do not require stimulants. Conclusion The discussion shows that ADHD is a serious condition that affects the academic and social development of a child if not treated. The symptoms will cause more problems to the individual even later in life. Physicians should adequately diagnose otherwise there will be over diagnosis. Young children will be exposed to consistent doses of stimulants at a young age. There needs to be more research carried out on the use of adequate instruments in the diagnos is of ADHD. What mechanisms should be employed to ensure that the physicians carry out the assessments properly to prevent misdiagnosis and over diagnosis? There needs to be further research on alternative treatments of ADHD. Currently, stimulants have been found to be the most effective. More research also needs to be carried out on the diagnosis of ADHD in adults in order to address adults with social and employment challenges. Kube, David, Mario Peterson and Fredrick Palmer. â€Å"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Comorbidity and medication use†. Clinical Paediatrics, 41(2002): 461-469. Print. Kuo, Frances and Andrea Faber. â€Å"A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a National Study.† American Journal of Public Health, 94.9(2004): 1580-1586. Mayes, Rick, Catherine Bagwell and Jennifer Erkulwater â€Å"ADHD and the Rise in Stimulant Use among Children†. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 16(2008):151†“166. Print. Sciutto, Mark and Michael Eisenberg. â€Å"Evaluating the evidence for and against the over diagnosis of ADHD†. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(2007): 106-113. Zuvekas, Samuel, Benedetto Vitiello and Grayson Norquist. â€Å"Recent trends in stimulant medication use among U.S. children†. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(2006): 579-585. Print.

Fewer numbers without language - Emphasis

Fewer numbers without language Fewer numbers without language Those who see themselves more as number people than word people might be surprised to learn that their understanding of numbers is actually dependent on language. New research has found that, without language, it is impossible to properly comprehend larger quantities. The findings come from a study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, of a deaf community in Nicaragua. With no knowledge of Spanish or formal sign language, these people have created their own signing system; but it doesnt include vocabulary for numbers. This is despite the fact that they live and work in a numerate society. During the experiments, members of the group often lost track of specific numbers above three. In one test, participants were asked to respond to taps on the hand by tapping the same amount back, but they tended to be out by one or two. Theyre not wildly off, says Elizabet Spaepen, the lead researcher. They can approximate quantities, but they dont have a way of getting to the exact number. Although humans have been shown to have an innate numerical understanding, we are only naturally adept at understanding small numbers and estimating large ones. We need words in order to bridge that gap. What language does is give you a means of linking up our small, exact number abilities with our large approximate number abilities, says Daniel Casasanto, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands. And we wouldnt be where we are today without this vital link. It has been the tool that gave rise to the society we live in, Casasanto says. The skyscrapers we work in and the computers that were talking on right now all of these things are possible because of exact large number and humans ability to manipulate them. Something to consider next time youre managing your portfolio, balancing your chequebook, or sharing out MMs in the office.

Culture and the philosophy that dominates each time period essays

Culture and the philosophy that dominates each time period essays Tracing the evolution of art in western civilization, we see the literature of each era reflecting the profound cultural innovations. The spirit of innovation, individuality and progress, however, remains unchanged. These principals featured though art has been a reflection of the culture and the philosophy that dominates each time period. Architecture of the Renaissance reflects the earlier works of the Roman, Byzantines, Moslems, and many other civilizations. The Renaissance has been described as consisting of a rebirth of human spirit through cultural awareness and the learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This time period shows a massive change in society and tradition. It was a time in which art was a reflection of the human instincts, soul, and conscience. . People were beginning to accept change in social institutions as well as in many traditional beliefs. Poets were questioning ideas that seemed to be set in stone. They were also changing the structure and style of poetry. During the Renaissance, art was a branch of knowledge. It was a way to show God and his creations the perspective of the human body. During this time period, there were many people who used art as a way to record discoveries in geography and physics, and inspired people to take pleasure in the world aroun d them. The end of the Renaissance acted as a transition into The Age of Reason, where science became as important as religious and social tradition. Michelangelo embodied many characteristic qualities of the Renaissance. Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. He was an individualistic. Michelangelo's works showed humanity in its natural state. He was not afraid to show humanity in its nakedness, even in front of the Pope and the other religious leaders. He emphasized the courage and muscularity of man, such as the sculpture of David, by portraying them nude standing proud as a st...

Web analytics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Web analytics - Case Study Example Photo box is an online based digital photo and e-card sale website with about eleven million users across the globe. The continued use of the Internet inspired photo box to use analytics to get more clients across the globe. Photo box analytics strategy was to understand the clients perfectly well. Data from clients was obtained through surveys, live chats, online community posts and focus groups. The data obtained was used to segment the customers into different segments depending on their location, behavior and tastes and preferences. Photo Box divided its clients into six different segments depending on these parameters. The various segments had varying tastes and demographics. All the customer data in each of the segments were profiled in a quest to understand them even better and provide products and services according to their tastes and preferences. The data were then used to predict future demand of the products and services from the customers. Analytics also helped photo box to make better decisions when doing their marketing in the different market segments leading to relatively higher conversion rates (Glagowski, 2010). OutcomeAt the same time, the company was trying to make it easy for the 350 staff to manage and profile the eleven million clients across the globe. Implementation of the analytics strategy at photo box had significant outcomes. The company could   do better intelligent and specific marketing to clients depending on their profiles and tastes and preferences.... The continued use of the Internet inspired photo box to use analytics to get more clients across the globe. Photo box analytics strategy was to understand the clients perfectly well. Data from clients was obtained through surveys, live chats, online community posts and focus groups. The data obtained was used to segment the customers into different segments depending on their location, behavior and tastes and preferences. Photo Box divided its clients into six different segments depending on these parameters. The various segments had varying tastes and demographics. All the customer data in each of the segments were profiled in a quest to understand them even better and provide products and services according to their tastes and preferences. The data were then used to predict future demand of the products and services from the customers. Analytics also helped photo box to make better decisions when doing their marketing in the different market segments leading to relatively higher co nversion rates (Glagowski, 2010). Outcome At the same time, the company was trying to make it easy for the 350 staff to manage and profile the eleven million clients across the globe. Implementation of the analytics strategy at photo box had significant outcomes. The company could do better intelligent and specific marketing to clients depending on their profiles and tastes and preferences. Within a short time, the company had been able to get 16% new clients from the marketing. There was a 14% increase in sales of photo box products and services. Email open rate to clients sent increased to 33% while the website click rate increased to 35%.

Managed Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managed Care - Essay Example emerged in this modern world and the employers in the present day context get involved in making as well as executing an effective plan with utmost focus on paying premiums. These premiums are paid by the workers in the form of deductibles, copayments as well as through contribution. It has been apparently recognized that this changed system of healthcare has transformed the investment pattern of the employees. In the year 2013, highest number of employees was recorded to be enrolling in the Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans. The same has been illustrated in the form of the following chart: Managed care has proved its dominance in providing â€Å"qualified health plans† with the aid of different health insurance organizations. Specially mentioning, there is a need to follow the rules that are provided under the Affordable Care Act. The ACA prescribed system of medical loss is noted to be limiting the percentage of premium revenue for enhancing its use for administration, marketing as well as attaining maximum profit. However, to increase the transparency within the system, more regulations are required to be incorporated by the respective government. To increase the competition within the domain of healthcare aid, there are various additional developments being initiated to incorporate within the domain of healthcare based operations. This competitive edge is being developed with the notion to enhance the control over the premium rate fluctuations (Shi & Singh, 2011). ACA visualizes that Consumer Operated and Oriented Plans (CO-OPs) will be developed based on finances received from the federal government. This type of plans is available in small numbers within the US Medicaid services. CO-OPs started operating as nonprofit making organizations following the developments such as the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and PPO. CO-OPs are even structured based on standard models of such organizations that have been already active within Medicaid

Perception of Leaders' Decision Making Dissertation

Perception of Leaders' Decision Making - Dissertation Example This essay declares that the research will also employ correlation collection design to gather information from workforce with the aim of determining the relationship between perception of leader’s decisions making and organizational culture. This design enables the identification of connection among variables. It is an effective and accurate information gathering method. The design allows generalization from a selected sample to the main study population therefore; inferences are easier done with fast turnaround and reduced costs. The employees will be required to first work on individual basis and second as team to answer various questions in the survey. The respondents will be requested to offer the organizational structure views, to rate their leader’s decision-making perception, the effectiveness of their company culture and leadership. This will be the age and the job status of the participants. This paper makes a conclusion that a leader’s decision-making is a pertinent in an institution who guides procedures, organizations and processes. Experts agree that by performing these tasks, a leader’s decisions act to manipulate culture or altering its aspects. Therefore, leader’s choices act to alter procedures and formal administrative process of an organization. Leaders’ decision-making play a critical task in altering organizational performance and the nature of results of the organizations influence the structure directly.

Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Slavery - Essay Example Even prior to the establishment of these factories, the demand for slaves was still high all over the world. In the United States, the demand for slaves increased with the growth of the industrial revolution which saw large-scale textile industries emerge. The main reason why slavery grew was the fact that in the federal government, created after the freedom of the American nation as an independent set of states, most of the representatives were large-scale farm owners from the south (Hammond 176). As such, in the presence or the absence of the textile industry, slaves would still be shipped to the country to assist with household chores and the likes. Regardless, the growth of these industries prompted the establishment of the slave trade as a lucrative business venture. Which mainly became competitive, led to the increase in violence subjected among slaves. The increase in violence subjected on the slaves was mainly a strategy that had been developed by plantation farmers to ensure that the cotton picked was more than enough and this thus led to the increase in immorality and inhumanity among the southern states. The rise in the prices of slaves equally motivated the violence subjected upon them, since the white men understood that they were their property and after being sold for such a high price, the slaves were expected to be equally productive which thus stimulated the use of violence as a way to improve productivity, which was later a power used by the southerners for their pleasure or to exert power.

International Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Hospitality Management - Essay Example However, Boonghee at el ( 2011,P.194) argues that a organization should not set its strategies based only on the national culture especially for product that are designed for individual users since individuals may show different cultural behaviors from the behavior perceived at national point. This is more common in countries that have population that has different cultural practices and backgrounds. National culture concept is more applicable in societies and nations studies but in business perspective individual consumer culture very important and company’s strategies can be valuable if it’s developed and implemented at individual consumer level. Tourism industry is complex business with both goods and services being sold together by different companies (Manrai and Manrain 2011, P. 25). Consumer’s decisions are influenced by different factors such as community, cultural, emotional and personal preferences but cultural factors are the most influential of all (Ma nrai and Manrain 2011, P. 25).This paper will critically analyze relevant cultural theory to the international hospitality industry. Cultural theories and tourism Tourism industry is a global business entity that involves travelling of tourists across countries boundaries as well as companies operating in more than one country that is affected by economic and non economic factors (Cho 2010, P 307). With developments of international tourism, companies are strategizing to have multicultural image to be able to compete internationally and attract customers from different backgrounds (White at el 2011, P.325).Tourism research is paying more attention on the national culture and its effect on consumer decision as the global growth in tourism is on the rise (Litvin at el 2004 p.29) Understanding cultural factors and preference can help a company tap into international market since tourism is affected by the cultural practices of both the tourist and the tourism company. Competitive advan tage can be achieved when companies provides services that are related to customer preferences ( Kaze and Skapars 2011, P.40) since tourism is associated to artistic aspect of purchaser as well as national culture as an influencing factor of buyer’s behavior. Nationalized artistic values are produced by both the traveler and the service provider or their employees (Kaze and Skapars 2011, P.42) thus the tourism destination may differ giving the customer competitive advantages due to various options available for them. Despite the fact that common global culture is emerging due to free interaction of people from all over the world and use of internet, successful companies must align their marketing strategies with the trends of the home market they operate in (Banyte and Miezeliene 2007, P.292) Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Hofstede is a known in studies of cultural behaviors since he developed the scopes of culture in relation to business across different countries (Manrai an d Manrai 2011, P. 26). Hofstede theory describes the effects that culture has on staff ethics, customer’s actions, marketing and tourism both in local market and internationally and has been recognized in understanding of cultural behaviors across boundaries. The theory has five elements as cited by Manrai and Manrai (2011, P. 25) as power distance, confusion dynamism, masculine versus femininity, individual versus

Case study on chronic illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study on chronic illness - Essay Example Americans have medical cover and face little dangers of controlling the diseases because the insured go for the checkups which are sponsored by the insurers. Members of the countries with low socioeconomic power are rarely informed of medical cover. Low income in them also imposes great challenges in them taking the cover. From the chapter read on Rosalie’s health, she has no medical cover (Moroflubkin & Pamala 2012). The Healthy people 2020 have a plan to take medical cover to support Rosalie for the rest of her life. She has to also remain on treatment while the medical policy matures. They also have a plan on how to educate her. Rosalie’s aunt will also get a medical cover since her income is low and in future she might not be able to meet her medical needs should they occur. WHO cares for the underprivileged people’s health: providing them with medicines, education, food and shelter. This way, I will also plan to provide the same to Rosalie and her aunt Rita. This will help relieve her of the burden bagging her life. If I had to respond to the call, I would inform the health care professionals to have regular checks on the health of the aging population to avoid high costs of treatment. I would also advise them to take early control measures like immunization on children in order to prevent future problems to the victims when they age (Toombs, David & Ronald 1995). If I had power of control over the resource, I would introduce free and compulsory immunization to the needy and carry out medical researches on people’s health in order to identify how and when to issue treatment to the needy (Dubey

Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Slavery - Essay Example Even prior to the establishment of these factories, the demand for slaves was still high all over the world. In the United States, the demand for slaves increased with the growth of the industrial revolution which saw large-scale textile industries emerge. The main reason why slavery grew was the fact that in the federal government, created after the freedom of the American nation as an independent set of states, most of the representatives were large-scale farm owners from the south (Hammond 176). As such, in the presence or the absence of the textile industry, slaves would still be shipped to the country to assist with household chores and the likes. Regardless, the growth of these industries prompted the establishment of the slave trade as a lucrative business venture. Which mainly became competitive, led to the increase in violence subjected among slaves. The increase in violence subjected on the slaves was mainly a strategy that had been developed by plantation farmers to ensure that the cotton picked was more than enough and this thus led to the increase in immorality and inhumanity among the southern states. The rise in the prices of slaves equally motivated the violence subjected upon them, since the white men understood that they were their property and after being sold for such a high price, the slaves were expected to be equally productive which thus stimulated the use of violence as a way to improve productivity, which was later a power used by the southerners for their pleasure or to exert power.

Case study on chronic illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study on chronic illness - Essay Example Americans have medical cover and face little dangers of controlling the diseases because the insured go for the checkups which are sponsored by the insurers. Members of the countries with low socioeconomic power are rarely informed of medical cover. Low income in them also imposes great challenges in them taking the cover. From the chapter read on Rosalie’s health, she has no medical cover (Moroflubkin & Pamala 2012). The Healthy people 2020 have a plan to take medical cover to support Rosalie for the rest of her life. She has to also remain on treatment while the medical policy matures. They also have a plan on how to educate her. Rosalie’s aunt will also get a medical cover since her income is low and in future she might not be able to meet her medical needs should they occur. WHO cares for the underprivileged people’s health: providing them with medicines, education, food and shelter. This way, I will also plan to provide the same to Rosalie and her aunt Rita. This will help relieve her of the burden bagging her life. If I had to respond to the call, I would inform the health care professionals to have regular checks on the health of the aging population to avoid high costs of treatment. I would also advise them to take early control measures like immunization on children in order to prevent future problems to the victims when they age (Toombs, David & Ronald 1995). If I had power of control over the resource, I would introduce free and compulsory immunization to the needy and carry out medical researches on people’s health in order to identify how and when to issue treatment to the needy (Dubey

ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS Essay Example for Free

ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS Essay Inadequate skills is present if the problem is the employee’s lack of certain skills, a supervisor should see that the employee gets the necessary training. Talent management is the automated end-to-end process of planning, recruiting, developing, managing, and compensating employees throughout the organization. Lisa needs to set up a mentoring and coaching programs that will advises, counsels, and guides her current employees. Both coaching and mentoring skills are needed for appraising employees, but appraising and assessing refer to rating an employee. While employers have long managed their talent without computerized systems, talent management today is usually information technology–based. Several software providers offer specialized talent management suites. The suites include and integrate underlying talent management components such as e-recruiting, e-training, performance reviews, and rewards. For example, talent management software includes e-recruiting software, employee performance management, a learning management system, and compensation management. Among other things, this program relieves the stress of writing employee performance reviews by automating the task and ensures that all levels of the organization are aligned—all working for the same goals (Dessler, 2011).† Lisa and the CFO have sufficiently investigated whether training is really called for through the control process. A manager should continuously gather information about each employee’s performance. This is an ongoing activity, not something the supervisor saves to do when filling out appraisal forms. Ways to gather information include keeping regular performance records (such as a work team’s output or the customer calls handled by each employee), saving customer notes of complaint or praise, writing a summary whenever an employee is observed doing something exceptional, and encouraging employees to keep track of their accomplishments. This record keeping may seem time-consuming, but it is essential. Lisa and other supervisors need to make sure employees know and understand what is expected of them. To do this, they should make sure that objectives for the employees are clear, and he or she should communicate them effectively. Employees are most likely to  understand and be committed to objectives when they have a say in developing them. More and more firms now require that supervisors and employees together set mutually acceptable performance goals. Hospitality Skills/Training Guide for Valet Attendant Set your property apart from the competition with this excellent job-specific training program for valet attendants. This binder is divided into 6 tabbed sections: This guide provides the basis of a six-day training course for new employees and current employees. The Employee Knowledge tab includes: †¢Quality Guest Service †¢Bloodborne Pathogens †¢Personal Appearance †¢Emergency Situations †¢Lost and Found †¢Recycling Procedures †¢Safe Work Habits †¢Manager on Duty †¢Your Propertys Fact Sheet †¢Employee Policies †¢The Americans with Disabilities Act Employee Skill tab contains: †¢Follow the Propertys Valet Posting Positions †¢Maintain Clear Drive-up/Drop-off Area †¢Welcome Guests and Offer Assistance †¢Load and Transport Luggage Using Luggage Cart †¢Valet Park Guest Vehicles †¢Retrieve Vehicles That Have Been Valet Parked †¢Provide Storage for Guest Luggage †¢Assist With Luggage for Group Arrivals and Departures †¢Use the Guest Information Directory †¢Prepare Maps and Provide Directions †¢Arrange for Services Requested by Guests †¢Handle Guest Service Problems †¢Arrange for or hail Taxis for Guests †¢Arrange Limousine Services †¢Provide Courtesy Transportation †¢Report Vehicle Accidents †¢Clean the Drive-up, Entrance, Valet Stand, and Luggage Carts †¢Assist Guests at Check-out †¢Respond to Situations Requiring First Aid †¢Handle Cash Payment and Tips †¢Assist in Rooming Guests †¢Assist Guests During Room Changes The Hotel Paris’s competitive strategy is â€Å"To use superior guest service to differentiate the Hotel Paris properties, and to thereby increase the length of stay and return rate of guests, and thus boost revenues and profitability.† HR manager Lisa Cruz must now formulate functional policies and activities that support this competitive strategy by eliciting the required employee behaviors and competencies. References: Dessler, G. (2011). Human Resource Management. (13 Ed.).Upper Saddle River,NJ: Prentice Hall

Ugandan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

Ugandan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) A social analysis of the current Ugandan poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP), known as the poverty eradication action plan (PEAP, 2004/5-2007/8) Introduction Uganda, with the help of a number of international organisations, has created a poverty reduction plan known as the PEAP. This project began in 1995, but came intro fruition around 1997. The goal of the PEAP is to reduce poverty from 44% in 1997 to 10% in 2017 (World Bank Group, 2008). This policy was created in order for Uganda to be eligible for financial aid from the World Bank and IMF under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative (Gariyo, 2001, p. 2). The aim of this essay is to critically examine the recent progress of the PEAP from the relevant documents. This includes examining the PEAP itself from 2004/5-2007/8 as well as look at the poverty assessment projects that have been taking place. The three main issues in this subject are how the plan deals with the concept of poverty, how the poverty assessments are reflected in the PEAP, and the way in which the PEAP has addressed gender issues amongst the poor in Uganda. The objective is to provide a critical analysis of the current situation within Uganda with regards to PEAP, and how effective this plan has been at reducing poverty. Concept of Poverty in the PEAP The concept of poverty within the PEAP has changed since its initial introduction. The original drafts of the plan were focused upon state-led rural development. The plan was then revised and it was decided to concentrate more on social issues. The PEAP plan looks at poverty as primarily being about the issues of economic development, business competitiveness and market growth (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005, p. 16). The main measures of poverty within the PEAP are household expenditure and income, and when this falls below a certain level a person or family is considered poor. This poverty line is quite simplistic, but also absolute, as it represents the level needed to secure basic food and other needs. The gap between incomes is also measured to look at inequality within society (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005, p. 38). The poor in Uganda are also identified as those who have problems of regional inequality, with those in the North and rural areas being worse off than those in the Central and urban areas. The study also identified that female-head households of widowed or absent husband families are poorer. The issue is whether or not this definition of poverty is accurate or correct for the region, as this will obviously affect the success of the policies. Targeting the wrong groups of people or introducing measures that do not really address the issues of poverty in Uganda will not reduce real poverty. There are those that argue just taking into account consumption and income is not enough to determine poverty and that basic needs and rights need to be taken into account (Kingdon and Knight, 2004, pp. 1-3). However, the situation in Uganda means that the issue of consumption equates to the provision of basic needs. There is a definite cut off between consumption and being able to afford basic food and other amenities. In this case, the measure of income and consumption is adequate. However, the factor that is not taken into account as much within the PEAP seems to security. This is often more of a subjective view than something that can be identified with quantitative data. The security of people within society and their feelings about their situations are crucial to their ability to move out of poverty and improve their lives. The problem with the PEAP view of poverty is that it is perhaps too narrow with regards to the full view of poverty. Whilst it includes issues of consumptio n and income and indeed social functionality, it leaves out some of the elements of security. It could be argued that the appeal to empowerment for women and other people is to do with feelings and security, but perhaps it is not enough (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005, p. 55). The results of the study seem to suggest as such. Whilst economic growth has improved and poverty head count has been reduced since 1997, the factors of inequality have risen since 2003. In the North the affects of the PEAP policy have been limited because of a lack of security regarding land and the ability for people to move into new industries easily. Therefore, it can be said that whilst the income and consumption indicators of poverty have improved, it is not certain whether this has actually alleviated poverty because the issues of security and the opinions of the poor seemingly have not been taken into account fully. However, more about this will be discussed in the next section – looking at how the poverty analysis is involved within the PEAP. The ana lysis PPA will be crucial as to whether or not the lack of emphasis on well-being has altered the effectiveness of the PEAP. There is some evidence however to support this less complex and subjective analysis of the status of poverty in Uganda. McGee (2004, pp. 517-521) showed that contradictions and arguments with regards to what is exactly happening to poverty in Uganda is unhelpful. Instead, a less oppositional approach is better, with a focus on the income and consumption of those in Uganda. This may not be the most accurate measure of poverty, but it is an effective and productive way to produce policies that will have a positive impact on the economy and therefore alleviate poverty. However, poverty assessments carried out as part of the World Bank strategy have shown that many of these assessments, including those of Uganda, put too much emphasis on increasing income and investment. These policies are weak in addressing the real causes of poverty such as social inequality, and ignore issues of politics and history. Therefore, it must be said that whilst Uganda is one of the more thorough nations with regards to its assessments, it still lacks a subjective view and focuses too much on income issues rather than looking at the root causes of poverty (Hammer, Pyatt and White, 1999, pp. 819-821). Despite this and the concerns that too much emphasis on investment and improved income will not result in a reduction in poverty, the results initially seem good. A study by Nkusu (2004) shows that an emphasis on investment, aid and income factors has led to a much healthier economy and structural reforms that have reduced poverty overall. However, it is still unclear as to weather these policies are taking into account the results shown in the participatory poverty analysis. The next section will examine how the PEAP uses these analyses within its policies, and how effective this usage is. Participatory poverty analysis in the PEAP It seems that whilst the original PEAP was endorsed and approved by the IMS for its effectiveness at sticking to the principles of participation, in recent years the plan has somewhat moved away from the original focus (Canagarajah and van Diesen, 2006, pp. 663-666). The World Bank and IMF understand the need to listen to the poor and their needs in order to solve problems of poverty. Without this, the root causes of poverty will not be found and despite economic growth the average poor person will not be better off as the rich will gain. The problem is not so much with the Ugandan policies but the limits put upon them by the World Bank and IMF. In order for these poor countries to receive the financial aid they need to progress, they must meet certain criteria for economic reforms set out by the IMF and World Bank. However, this essentially means the countries like Uganda have little say in the policies that need to be created in order for them to improve their economy. Therefore, the suggestion by the IMF and World Bank to listen to the poor is misleading. They have suggested this method in order to deflect attention from their conditions imposed on financial aid. This means that the participation of people in Uganda in the forming of policies is reduced, because the government must limit the information they are exposed to in order to make sure the policies are put in place to get aid and promote growth. This makes it harder for Uganda to listen to its people regarding policies that they would like to see to improve their living conditions (Rowden and Irama, 2004). The problem with these policies as outlined in the household surveys is that economic growth is not being shared amongst the people who need it, and instead poverty is increasing. The poverty rate is increasing because the economic growth in Uganda at this point favours the richer people and international community, thanks to the biased policies needed to get funding from the IMF and World Bank (Economic Policy Research Centre – Makerere University, 2003). There are some indications that the people within Uganda are being listened to when possible. Findings looking at groups of poor children in Uganda found that measures looking at just income and consumption were not enough, and so other methods were taken into consideration by asking those who were poor (UNESCO., 2005). The poverty assessment reports however show that despite the focus of the PEAP on economic growth, this is not the reason for increase poverty in Uganda. The poverty status report in 2003 shows that despite economic growth, people still remain below the poverty line. The main reasons for this are unequal economic growth, and a lack of security in areas such as Northern Uganda (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2003a, pp. 147-149). Whilst these issues are identified in the PEAP, the main focus of policy is still on economic growth, because this is the only way the economy can be improved through financial aid. However, there are areas within the poverty assessment reports that are being utilised by the PEAP. One of these areas is healthcare, which in the assessment reports is identified as a key area that leads to poverty, and that the more people that are poor the more that will need to be spent to maintain people’s health (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2002, pp. 101-105). The original poverty assessment report identified similar problems including issues of district divide, and the obstacles for people trying to improving their own lives (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2000). The PEAP looks at some of these issues and puts policies in place to address, particularly with regards to health. The PEAP has made an effort to focus on preventive measures of health care so that the poorest members of society have greater access to services so that they can be more productive (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2005, pp. 163-165). Despite this, the conclusions of the PEAP stick mainly to issues of economic growth rather than social problems. It is true that during the 1990s high economic growth resulted in a reduction in the amount of people under the poverty line. However, as the country has improved its services, the further economic growth has been hampered by the limits of policies demanded by the IMF and World Bank in order to meet aid conditions. This means the economic growth has been a means towards an end of gaining aid to increase growth rather than simply looking at the social factors affecting the poor (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2005, pp. 211.213). Gender Analysis in the PEAP Another issue that needs to be addressed is whether or not the PEAP is addressing issues of gender effectively. Gender is clearly a big issue in a country where female-run families are worse off than male-led families due to lack of opportunities and rights for women to improve their economic status. Initial findings suggest that although the poverty participation process involves looking at those who are marginalised within society due to gender or other issues, the analyses do not effectively discuss gender issues (Wordofa, 2004, pp. 68-71). A study by Zuckerman and Garrett (2003) found that many of these poverty assessment reports in various developing countries only addressed gender issues in a superficial manner. Uganda in fact would not use gendered participation within its original report research but would then try to aggregate gender back into the policies later on. This tactic results in policies that do not accurately address the true concerns and issues associated with gender in Uganda in terms of poverty (Zuckerman, and Garrett, 2003, pp. 6, 12). Common examples of this are looking at different households in terms of age, but not reflecting differences in consumption levels according to gender. This is particularly damaging for a country like Uganda where some of the poorest members of society are women. This means despite good economic growth, the needs of many of the poorest are not being dealt with. As Whitehead and Lockwood (1999, p. 14) show, the way in which the Uganda PEAP deals with women’s issues is very superficial. There is a section regarding women, but it is not linked into the rest of the policies in general making it an isolated and superfluous section of the document. However, this study was conducted in 1999 and since then the reports have been looked at more closely, with more emphasis on gender issues. Despite this, there still remains a level of isolation between these findings and the policies as a whole. Zuckerman (2002) shows that there is some progress being made with regards to this, and those early failings have been dealt with in some ways. The reports now have women actively participating in order to form policies that will help get them out of poverty. However, it is still shown that despite this participation, the gendered participation has not filtered through to the policies in the PEAP as a whole. The problem is that these views from different genders are then generalised when added to policy, and therefore have little effect on gender differences. If this participation is to work then there needs to be a greater effort to make distinct policies to address gender differences rather than re-aggregating into a generalised whole. Conclusion The Ugandan PEAP has certainly been one of the most successful of these types of poverty reduction scheme in terms of reducing the poverty indicators of poor income and high levels of consumption to income. This has meant that overall the economy is doing better in Uganda, and people have higher incomes than before. This however is too simple a definition of poverty, and other factors such as the feelings and well-being of the poor, security issues and social structures need to be taken into account. The PEAP has improved since its inception in the 1990’s in terms of recognising these issues, but the core policies have changed very little. The main focus of the PEAP is still to improve economic growth, for two main reasons. Firstly because this was a successful policy throughout the 1990’s in helping to reduce overall poverty, and secondly because such economic policies are required by the IMF and World Bank in order to Uganda to receive the aid it needs to progress. The improvements in participation have meant that PEAP documents now address issues of gender and empowerment. However, these issues are addressed in a superficial way and the voices of marginalised are not affecting policy change. This means that despite continued economic growth, the wealth divide has increased and the percentage of people in poverty has increased in recent years. The policies are helping those who are better off to increase their wealth rather than improving the opportunities for the poorest members of society. As pointed out in reports, the country is reaching its targets with regards to alleviating poverty in economic growth terms and structural reforms (Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, 2003b). However, these targets are not reducing overall poverty because they are allowing the participation in policy making of marginalised groups. The chronically poor who need the most help most likely to stay poor, supporting the claim that these policies of economic growth are not helping reduce poverty in Uganda (Okidi, and Mugambe, 2002, pp. 2-4). Bibliography Canagarajah, S., and van Diesen, A., 2006. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Approach Six Years On: An Examination of Principles and Practice in Uganda. Development Policy Review, 24(6), pp. 647-667. Economic Policy Research Centre – Makerere University., 2003. Reports on Socio Economics and Labour Force. Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Available at: http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/survey%20documentation/unhsii/survey0/outputInformation/reports.html Gariyo, Z., 2001. Civil Society and Global Finance in Africa: The PRSP Process in Uganda. In Civil Society and Global Finance edited by Jan Scholte et al, 2001. Kingdon, G.G., and Knight, J., 2004. Subjective well-being poverty versus income poverty and capabilities poverty?. Global Policy Research Group. Available at: http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-003.pdf Nakamatte, N., et al., 2002. UPPAP – Kimwanyi Site Report. Available at: http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/Kimwanyi%20site%20report%20Final%20Draft.pdf Nkusu, M., 2004. Financing Ugandas Poverty Reduction Strategy: Is Aid Causing More Pain Than Gain?. IMF Working Papers, 04/170. Okidi, J.A., and Mugambe, G.K., 2002. An Overview of Chronic Poverty and Development Policy in Uganda. Economic Policy Research Centre, Uganda. Available at: http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/11Okidi_Mugambe.pdf Rowden, R., and Irama, J.O., 2004. Rethinking Participation: Questions for Civil Society about the Limits of Participation in PRSPs. Civil Society Observer, 1(2), April 2004. Available at: http://www.actionaidusa.org/images/rethinking_participation_april04.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2000. Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process. Available at: http://www.w1.co.ug/uppap/docs/National%20Report%20New%20Edition.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2002. Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process – Deepening the Understanding of Poverty. Available at: http://www.w1.co.ug/uppap/docs/NationalRpt.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2003a. Uganda Poverty Status Report. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr03301.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2003b. Uganda’s Progress in Attaining the PEAP Targets in the Context of the Millennium Development Goals Background Paper for The Consultative Group Meeting. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/UGANDAEXTN/Resources/CG_2003_GoU_PEAP_targets.pdf Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development., 2005. Uganda: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8). International Monetary Fund, August 2005. Available at: http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf UNESCO., 2005. Children in abject poverty in Uganda: A study of criteria and status of those in and out of school in selected districts in Uganda. Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001414/141482e.pdf Whitehead, A., and Lockwood, M., 1999. Gender in the World Bank’s Poverty Assessments: Six Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Discussion Paper, 99 (June 1999). Wordofa, D., 2004. Poverty-reduction policy responses to gender and social diversity in Uganda. Gender and Development, 12(1), pp. 68-74. World Bank Group., 2008. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). (Online). Available at: http://go.worldbank.org/KG9Q84BQE0 (Accessed 30th June 2008). Zuckerman, E., 2002. ‘Engendering’ Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs): the issues and the challenges. Gender and Development, 10(3). Available at: http://www.genderaction.org/images/Oxfam%20GenderDevt%20Journal%20Article-EZ%20PRSPs.pdf Zuckerman, E., and Garrett, A., 2003. Do Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) address gender? A gender audit of 2002 PRSPs The relative success of PRSPs to address gender. Southern African Regional Poverty Network, 2002. Available at: http://www.eldis.org/go/display/?id=13395type=Document

Monotremes and Electroreception :: Monotremes and Electroreception

Abstract Through their evolution, monotremes have developed several characteristics that make them unique from most other mammals. The focus of this paper lies on the electroreceptive capabilities of monotremes. Electroreception of monotremes is partially comparable to that in fish. The bill of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, and the beaks of the echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus and Zaglossus bruijni, all contain three types of receptors: push-rod mechanoreceptors, serous gland electroreceptors, and mucous gland electroreceptors. The information collected by these receptors is sent to the somatosensory cortex. The platypus, whose electroreceptive system is more complex than that of the echidna, uses electroreception to capture prey and is the only mammal know to so. (It is not yet known if the echidna uses electroreception to capture prey.) Introduction Monotremes have fascinated scientists since their discovery in 1799 (Moyal 4). The isolation of monotremes in Australia has allowed monotremes to evolve several unique characteristics. One newly discovered mystery of these animals is their electroreceptive capability. This discovery brings up many questions. How did monotremes evolve this elaborate sensory system? What do these electroreceptors look like, and how do they function? How do monotremes perceive this "sixth sense?" This paper will attempt to address these questions. Monotreme Diversity Order Monotremata is split into two families and three species. Ornithorhynchus anatinus, commonly called the platypus, can be found in eastern Australian rivers and creeks from Queensland all the way down the coast and across the Bass Strait into Tasmania (Moyal 18). The platypus is not a large animal. Males, which can weigh 2.35 kg and reach .56 m in length, are larger than the females (Dawson 9-10). The platypus swims with its mouth, ears, and eyes shut (Dawson 10). O. anatinus sifts the bottom for food, which is mainly non-insect invertebrates, crustaceans, worms, some vertebrates, and benthic larvae of various insects (Dawson 10). The two other surviving species of monotremes are Tachyglossus aculeatus, the short-beaked echidna, and Zaglossus bruijni, the long-beaked echidna. Echidnas range throughout Australia and New Guinea as well as islands adjacent to both land masses (Collins 17). Both species have characteristic modified hairs that function as spines (Dawson 10-12). T. aculeatus is a stocky animal (3-5kg) with a small head and pointed snout (Dawson 10-11). Z. bruijni is larger than T. aculeatus (~10kg) and has a downward curving snout (Dawson 11-12). The snouts and tongues of T. aculeatus and Z. bruijni are ideal for diets of termites, ants, and earthworms (Dawson 10-12).

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are Not Evil Essay -- GCSE Coursework Macbeth

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are Not Evil Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are good people with poor judgment. It is unfair for Malcolm to describe them as "this dead butcher and his fiend - like queen". In the beginning they are a respected couple sharing a loving relationship. Their downfall is not due to evil, but caused by their ambition for Macbeth, sparked by the witches' prophecy. Macbeth's indecision on whether or not to kill Duncan, and Lady Macbeth's begging of the spirits to take away her feminine qualities, demonstrate that ruthlessness does not come easily to them. Macbeth is a Scottish nobleman and important kinsman of King Duncan, whose devising and heroic leadership of a winning tactic in a battle show his talent, courage and loyalty to his country. He is well respected, and after his feat of braveness, Duncan believes him worthy to receive the title of Thane of Cawdor, which is a huge honour to Macbeth. The problem with this, though, is that it helps to spark his ambition, which, we find later, is his tragic flaw. Lady Macbeth is a loyal wife with ambitions for her husband. She believes that Macbeth deserves to be King, but thinks that he is too nice to do anything about it. She does not think that he could kill Duncan on his own. She is supportive of Macbeth, and is willing to do what she can to help him get what he wants. She is basically a caring and loving person, though, so she pleads with the Spirits to take away her tenderness and femininity and make her ruthless: " Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top full of direst cruelty." (I.v.38-41). This evidence on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth proves that, at the beginning of the play, they are bo... ...omen Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997. Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Mack, Maynard. Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Schlegel, August Wilhelm. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London: AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992. Steevens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. Wills, Gary. Lady Macbeth and Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Organisational Development Essay

Training and development is an important part of knowledge management in any given organization. For the training of staff to be effective the right instructional design model must be used. Instructional system design is a model of training, which utilizes a systematic approach to training with an aim of achieving competence through utilisation of resources available. It must be noted that in any given organization money is always a constraint and when it comes to employee training the best training model must be adapted. Instructional system design is favored over many other models in that it links training to organizational goals and as a result, it is cost effective. The workplace is increasingly becoming a place where business organizations can nurture, improve and encourage the potential and capabilities of employees. One of the most common ways in which organizations nurture these talents is by introduction of training programs which aim at preparing employees to better meet the challenges of today’s workplace. However, unless training programs are carefully constructed, such programs are unlikely to meet the demands of the market as well as individual needs of the employees and the needs of the organization. This paper discusses the important considerations worthy considering while designing training programs. Background information BBC as a company has it core values as; to inform, to educate, as well as to entertain. The vision of BBC, which entails being the most creative as well as trusted organization in the world. It is in line with the vision that a training and development strategy has been put in place. To be creative, it takes well trained staff, men and women who can forecast and remain focused in their duties. However, as (Tjepkema, 2002. 100- 130) notes, for management to perform their duties satisfactorily, they should posses the capability and means. Tjepkema, (2002. 90-94) notes that it is not the talent of employees that is important, it is how employees are helped to bring out as well as discover their talents that matters. Training and development should be geared towards making employees realize their full potential. The much experience BBC has on journalism is a positive for BBC and should be used to put the organization on a class of its own. The fact that training and development as it exists in BBC aims at offering practical education in the journalism industry is worthy mentioning. All training at BBC focuses on knowledge and skills imparting. BBC training and development has been using generally for the purpose of training operational staff. Training is also tailored to meet the ever changing needs at BBC. BBC has embraced the need for computer based programs something which is always at the centre of all training needs. There been efforts geared to meeting the fast changing needs in terms of infrastructure which can cope with today’s broadcasting practices and technology. Research and facts collection is a good step in catering for training needs and that’s evident even from the way BBC chooses its sound training facilities from electronic devices to desks. BBC ensures that all its courses lay emphasis on learning styles and flexibility. While designing the training program, it is important to bear in mind the fact that, the programs lead to the acquisition of new knowledge, change in knowledge especially in cases whereby the nature of the training is based on new skills necessary for the production functions which may require the use of new machines or different technology which the employees do not possess (Nilson, 2003. 34-35). Justification Training and learning is very relevant to today’s organizations. It helps organizations deal with talent development in the organization. As Tjepkema, et al (2002. 100- 120) notes the employees are an organization’s best asset and should be fully developed so that every single employee gives out his or her best. This is made possible by thoroughly training and employee development programs. Journalism is a fast changing business in terms of the high needs for customer satisfaction, competition as well as keeping in line with the ever-changing needs for entertainment, education as well as information. The above is challenging and any organization worthy its salt must prepare its employees for the challenge. In preparing and designing training and development practices BBC is taking the right direction. Learning in the work place has its special challenges and any good programs must factor in factors such as change in the organization and requires a combination of values, cultures and a considerable budget (Tjepkema, et al,2002. 105- 110). According to CIPD survey (2006) different organizations attach variety of importance to talent development but a big percentage (67%) believe that it leads to development of individuals who posses high potential. The report further notes that training is crucial for preparation of individuals who would take management roles in future. This is very much in line with BBC training goals which aim at developing staff into individuals who can carry out duties and responsibilities leading to customer satisfaction. In house training has been noted as the most effective method of training and development in the CIPD report of 2006. In most cases, the training targets specific groups in an organization, depending on the specific needs of every category of workers such as top company executives, middle level managers, professionals and the bottom level employees. All the above categories have very varied training needs and therefore the training programs must take into consideration such factors as; what each category of employees need. For instance, in an engineering firm, the top management may consist of administrators who are not necessarily engineering professionals, the chief executive officer who again may not be a professional as well as some managers such as the production and quality assurance managers, all of whom have different training needs. Therefore, the design of the training program must take care of each category’s special needs. The program should be designed in such a way as to match the roles and responsibilities of each employee and ensure that the training material, activities and content meet the needs, which exist for the given positions. The training should also be designed in a way in which it will take care for the employee’s past knowledge and skills. BBC has adopted in- house training strategy which is supported by yet another training and development expert (Tjepkema, et al, 2002. 100- 130) as an effective training method. However the adoption of external secondment as is evident in the BBC strategy has been criticized for being an ineffective method of training and development and it is an area where BBC should look into and perhaps change more effective practices such as coaching. The fact that BBC has identified as important, talent management is a step worthy praising. Talent management as practiced by BBC is responsible for the success of the organization as well as its position of a market leader in world’s journalism, a status which the organization enjoys as a result of being keen at staff training and development. The methods of learning are very important in the design of the training program and they should take into consideration that, employees are adults and there are some effective instructional methods, which are of preference to them. The learning process should include reinforcement of positive behaviour so as to make the learning process an effective one. In an engineering firm, most staff would need accretion, and fine-tuning of already learnt procedures (Nilson, 2003. 102). A good training program must be detailed enough to meet the goals and objectives of the organization with clear specifications of the purpose, goals and objectives of the training program. For instance, training at the bottom level of the organization is aimed at transferring new skills. This is because new technologies keep on coming especially in this age of information technology. Therefore employees need to update themselves in using the technology and especially in regard to applying the technology to speed-up production. Any effective training program must have specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound objectives in which a clear definition of the goals is given (Nilson, 2003). The employees’ needs are determined in the context of the nature of work. It is also very important for the management to define the goals of the training program in order to make sure that; the training program is aligned to the organizational values. The content of the training program as well as the learner activity, which is central to the communication of the course content, is very necessary and should be determined prior to the onset of the course. The success of a training program is not entirely dependent on organization and the content of training, but rather, on the execution and subsequent follow up after the training. This is where evaluation of the success of the training program comes in. It is imperative that management gets a feedback for the training from the participants who are usually the employees. In line with the best training and development practice BBC has invested in coaching activities and that is something to be encouraged. According to Stewart and Tansley, (2001. 18- 40) coaching activity has become one of the most favored training methods by employees due to its practicability as well as the fact that organisations can expect to see results in a short time. In addition, instructional system design is easy to apply and does not require a lot of expertise something, which means that organizations can rely on their in-house trainers to carry on training programmes within the organization. Therefore, instructional system design creates an enabling environment for continuous training which implies that organizations which settle on the instructional system design are assured of continuous business improvement without worrying about incurring costs commonly associated with other training models. Training Methods can be categorized as being either `on the job’, `off the job’ or `technology-based’. ‘On the job’ training is also referred to as ‘on the site’ training. This is the training method whereby instead of trainees moving from their workplaces to a different destination for training, the trainer comes to the workplace to train from there. Once in the workplace, the trainer together with the management can choose to train under short sessions such as during staff meetings or choose to dedicate full day to training or even choose to dedicate multiple days for the training. The exact method of delivery during the ‘on the job’ training depends on the wishes of the organization. ‘On the job’ training is associated with higher chances of success because attendance is usually higher than the other two training methods for a number of reasons. First of all, trainees do not have to incur extra costs in terms of travelling to training sites this means that ‘on the job’ training is cost-effective. Another key advantage of ‘on the job’ training is the fact that the simulation process becomes easier as trainees can easily link theoretical issues to practical issues. Suggestions BBC has not done enough to ensure talent management is handled with the standards it deserves. Although, Prince, and Stewart, (2002. 55- 72) cited in-house training as the most reliable and popular training, it should be integrated with other methods such as succession planning in order to achieve maximum effects. There is a need for planners to be aware of the effect of in house training if overused and especially in the case of BBC where in house programs have been in use for several years. Over reliance on one approach of training is likely to have reduced impact as employees are more likely to start viewing it as a boring method, something which is very likely to affect effectiveness of the training programs. Instead of over depending on one type of method, this report is of the opinion that training programs such as mentoring and buddying (Dearden, (2002. 11- 32), cross-functional approach, project assignments as well as graduate development courses would yield better results for BBC organizational training needs. However, it should be borne in mind that the more programs BBC adopts, the higher the cost of investments are likely to go up. This situation calls again for constant and regular evaluation so as to make sure the organization does not invest in ineffective programs which may end up costing the organization for nothing. According to Clatterbuck, and Meggnison, (2005. 81- 106) hybrid or integrated approaches are more effective in achieving training goals than single approaches. BBC should experiment with the now popular 360- degree feedback method in order to ensure that its training and development programs remain effective. As noted by, Clatterbuck, and Meggnison, (2005. 81- 106), it is always better if an organization could involve outside help in training. This serves two purposes; one to break the monotony of having same coaches training same trainees who become used to them used to, secondly, an organisation should aim at encouraging diversity. It is evident in (CIPD,2005. 2-39), that external secondments play critical roles in ensuring that employees interests is maintained in all training programs as well as giving employees an opportunity to learn from outside the organization. However this report would like to note the observation by (CIPD, 2005. 28- 100) that not all programs will always achieve the objectives they are designed for. Therefore there are always chances that training efforts may fail to achieve their goals. This report also commends BBC for making talent management a priority as evidenced in the budget allocation awarded to the training and development programmes. However there is a need for BBC to move from the level of policy statements to action since no matter how well intended training programmes are, all that matters in the end is how far they go in assisting the organisation achieve its training goals. This report will be incomplete without highlighting some of the barriers associated with not having an effective training and development programme. The first barrier identified in BBC is that employees have a negative attitude about training and development efforts being made by the organisation. There is considerable evidence that some employees of BBC feel that they are not being involved in designing of training programmes. Dissatisfaction is also arising concerning the criterion followed by the management when deciding which employees enroll for what courses. Dissatisfaction is also seen as emanating from the perception by some employees that they do not benefit even after training in that they never get promotions or salary increments. Therefore the report challenges the management of BBC to act very fast to stamp out this emerging dissatisfaction. Positive attitude is necessary amongst the employees of the organisation. No matter how well intended, how well funded or organized the training programmes are, if the attitude amongst the beneficiaries is negative, the training is likely to be ineffective and even counter productive. It is suggested here that BBC should move fast to include all staff members in the designing and planning of the training and development. This will in turn result into a positive attitude from the employees pertaining to training and development initiatives in BBC. Conclusion To keep a business organization on the top of the market needs well-trained employees. However the training programs cost companies a lot of money and therefore should be aligned and designed so as to make them effective and efficient. A good training program is only made possible by conducting a careful organizational analysis, determination of training needs as well as the execution of the training process and the follow up to the training. The follow up is necessary as a measure aimed at sustaining the gains made by the training programs.